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1. People who eat various forms of vegetarian diets are at low risk of some diseases including some cancers, although it is not easy to separate out these benefits of the diets from other aspects of their ways of life, such as not smoking, drinking little if any alcohol, and so forth. 2. When combined with not smoking and regular exercise, this kind of healthy diet can reduce heart disease by 80 per cent, and stroke and some cancers by 70 percent, compared with average rates 3. Women tend to exercise less than men and this difference is greatest in southern European countries. 4. A study to examine exercise patterns in adults in 1991 and again in 1999 found that only 4 in 10 adults had managed to meet and maintain the current recommended level of activity, or to increase their level 5. A survey in 1997 found that 76 per cent of adults aged 16 and over did no regular exercise during their leisure time 46 percent of adults were classified as sedentary, with only 7 per cent of adults recording any physical activity each week. 6. Circulating levels of IL-6 increase (up to 100-fold) following exercise; this reduces chronic inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory mediators and elevating anti- inflammatory mediators 7. Circulating levels of IL-6 increase (up to 100-fold) following exercise; this reduces chronic inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory mediators and elevating anti- inflammatory mediators 8. A person may expend the same amount of energy during a short period of intense exercise or in a longer period of moderate activity, but the physiological effects may be different. 9. Exercise and other forms of physical training are types of recreational physical activity. 10. Exercise may reduce prostate cancer risk by reducing levels of testosterone and insulin 11. In people who exercise consistently, this may induce the production of enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, that protect against oxidative stress. These enzymes may also protect against cancer, since dietary antioxidants have been linked to reduced cancer risk 12. Regular exercise has been shown to increase fat oxidation in both healthy and obese people, a mechanism that is thought to occur as a result of improved insulin sensitivity 13.To the extent that environmental factors such as food, nutrition, and physical activity influence the risk of cancer, it is a preventable disease. 14. All forms of physical activity protect against some cancers, as well as against weight gain, overweight, and obesity; correspondingly, sedentary ways of life are a cause of these cancers and of weight gain, overweight, and obesity. 15. Since the early 1980s, relevant United Nations agencies, national governments, authoritative non-governmental organisations, and researchers and other experts in the field have agreed that food and nutrition, physical activity, and body composition are individually and collectively important modifiers of the risk of cancer, and taken together may be at least as important as tobacco.